Phendula imibuzo engezansi ngenkondlo
Lezi yimibuzo eyisithupha eqondene nenkondlo nesakhiwo sayo. Ayikho imibuzo ekhethwa kuyo (A, B, C, D) — kunalokho, yimibuzo evulekile efuna izimpendulo ezibhaliwe. Ngezansi sithole izimpendulo eziphelele, ezicacisiwe kabanzi ukuze umfundi ngamunye akwazi ukuqonda futhi aphendule ngokuzethemba.
Inkondlo iwuhlobo lwemibhalo oluveza imizwa, imicabango namava ombhali ngendlela ekhethekile — isebenzisa ulimi olunomfutho, isigqi, umvuzo namagama akhethwe ngokucophelela. Lokhu yikho okuyenza ihluke kuwo wonke eminye imibhalo enjengenoveli, izindaba ezimfushane noma amadrama.
1. Iyini inkondlo futhi ihluke ngani kweminye imibhalo?
Inkondlo ngumbhalo wokuveza imizwa, imicabango namava ombhali ngolimi olugciniweyo, olukhethekile nolunomfutho. Ayifani nendaba noma inoveli ngoba ayixoxi indaba elandelana ngokwesikhathi njengoba kwenza iphrozi. Esikhundleni salokho, inkondlo yakhiwe ngemigqa (ama-line) namavesi (ama-stanza) — hhayi izigaba (paragraphs) njengakweminye imibhalo.
Umehluko omkhulu wokuqala: inkondlo isebenzisa isigqi nomvuzo (rhythm and rhyme). Amagama akhelwe ukuthi ahambelane ngomsindo, okwenza inkondlo ikwazi ukuculwa noma ishiwo ngendlela enomuzwa. Iphrozi (imibhalo evamile) ayinaso lesi sigqi esihleliwe. Umehluko wesibili: inkondlo isebenzisa ulimi lwezifaniso (izithombemagama), njengokuthi “ilanga likhala” lapho imbongi isho ukuthi ilanga likhipha ukukhanya okukhulu — uhlobo lolimi olungavamile emibhalweni evamile. Umehluko wesithathu: inkondlo ifingqiwe. Isebenzisa amagama ambalwa ukusho okuningi, kanti inoveli isebenzisa amagama amaningi ukuchaza konke ngokubanzi.
2. Izinhlobo zenkondlo
Ziningi izinhlobo zenkondlo ezikhona olimini lwesiZulu nakwezinye izilimi. Nazi ezaziwayo:
- Inkondlo yothando — eveza imizwa yothando, ukukhumbula noma ukulangazela othandekayo.
- Inkondlo yempi — ekhuthaza amaqhawe, igqugquzela isibindi futhi ibonga ubuqhawe empini.
- Inkondlo yemvelo — echaza ubuhle bendalo: izintaba, imifula, izilwane nezitshalo.
- Inkondlo yesizwe — ekhuluma ngezinkinga zomphakathi, ipolitiki, ukucindezelwa noma inkululeko.
- Izibongo — uhlobo lwenkondlo yokubonga nokuhlonipha umuntu, isizwe noma isilo, oluyingxenye ebalulekile yamasiko amaZulu.
- I-elegy (inkondlo yokulila) — ekhalela umuntu oshonile noma into elahlekile.
Okubalulekile ukuqaphela: izibongo kaZulu zithathwa njengenkondlo edume kakhulu emlandweni wesiZulu. Azifani nenkondlo yaseNtshonalanga ngoba zisho ngamandla, zigcizelela ukuphindaphinda futhi zivamise ukuqanjwa ngombhali oyedwa — imbongi — bese zishiwo phambi kwabantu.
3. Iyini imbongi?
Imbongi ngumuntu obhala noma asho inkondlo. Igama elithi “imbongi” esiZulwini likhethekile kunelikapoet ngesiNgisi, ngoba imbongi yamaZulu ayigcinanga ngokubhala — ibikade iyona ehaya izibongo zenkosi phambi kwesizwe, ihlanganisa umlando, udumo nobuciko ndawonye.
Imbongi kumele ibe nekhono lokuqamba amagama ahambisana nesigqi, lokukhethela amagama asho okuningi ngokufingqiwe, nelokuveza imizwa ngendlela ethinta inhliziyo yomfundi noma umlaleli. Emandulo, imbongi yayihlonishwa kakhulu esizweni ngoba yayigcina umlando wesizwe ngolimi olumnandi. Namuhla, imbongi isebenzisa ipeni noma ikhompyutha, kodwa umsebenzi wayo uselokhu ufana: ukuguqula imizwa namava abe ngamagama anobuhlakani.
4. Isakhiwo sangaphandle senkondlo
Isakhiwo sangaphandle yilokho okubonakala ngamehlo uma ubheka inkondlo ephepheni — indlela inkondlo ehlelwe ngayo phambi kokuthi ufunde umqondo wayo. Nabu ubufakazi obubalulekile:
- Isihloko (title) — igama lenkondlo elitshela umfundi ngokuqukethwe.
- Imigqa/Imisho (lines) — umugqa ngamunye wenkondlo. Inkondlo ayibhalwa njengezigaba zephrozi; umugqa ngamunye uvamise ukuba mfushane futhi unesisindo sawo.
- Amavesi/Izitanza (stanzas) — iqoqo lemigqa elihlangene ndawonye, lifana nesigaba esisodwa kwiphrozi. Isibonelo: uma inkondlo inemigqa emine bese kuba nesikhala, leyo yistanza esisodwa.
- Umvuzo (rhyme) — uma amagama ekugcineni kwemigqa ehambelana ngomsindo, njengokuthi “thanda” ne-“landa”.
- Isigqi (rhythm/meter) — ukushaya kwesikhathi samagama — indlela amagama agxiliswa ngayo lapho ufunda noma usho inkondlo.
Umfundi angakwazi ukuchaza isakhiwo sangaphandle ngokubheka inkondlo nje kuphela — akudingeki ukuthi aqonde umqondo. Uzobona inani lemigqa, inani lamavesi, ukuhleleka kwamagama nephethini yomvuzo.
5. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi senkondlo
Uma isakhiwo sangaphandle sibheka ukukhanga kwamehlo, isakhiwo sangaphakathi singena ngaphakathi — emqondweni nasemoyeni wenkondlo. Lezi yizinto ezitholakala ngaphansi kwaso:
- Umqondo/Indikimba (theme) — umyalezo omkhulu wenkondlo, isibonelo: uthando, inkululeko, ukufa noma imvelo.
- Umumo (tone) — indlela imbongi ezizwa ngayo ngalokho ekubhalayo: ingabe iyajabula, idabukile, ithukuthele noma iyaziqhenya?
- Izithombemagama (imagery/figurative language) — amagama adweba isithombe emqondweni womfundi, njengokuthi “uthando lushisa njengelanga” (isifaniso) noma “uthando lungumlilo” (isifengqo/metaphor).
- Izimpawu/Amasimboli (symbolism) — into emele enye into; isibonelo, ijuba lingamela ukuthula.
- Umoya (mood) — indlela inkondlo yenza umfundi azizwe ngayo lapho eyifunda — ngabe umfundi uzizwa edabukile, ethokozile noma esaba?
Umehluko obalulekile: umumo (tone) ngowembongi — uzizwa kanjani yona. Umoya (mood) ngowomfundi — uzizwa kanjani wena lapho ufunda. Lezi zinto ezimbili zingafana kodwa ngezinye izikhathi azifani — imbongi ingaba nolaka kodwa umfundi azizwe edabukile.
6. Isigqi senkondlo
Isigqi (rhythm) senkondlo simayelana nendlela amagama ashaywa ngayo esikhathini uma ushilo noma ufunda inkondlo. Singachazwa ngokubheka:
Okokuqala, bheka ukuthi imigqa iyalingana ngobubanzi noma cha — uma imigqa ilingana, isigqi sivamise ukuba sesimile (regular rhythm). Uma imigqa ingalingani, isigqi singaguquguquka. Okwesibili, lalela ukuthi kukhona yini ukuphindaphindwa kwezinhlamvu noma kwamagama athile — ukuphindaphinda kwenza isigqi siqine futhi sigxile emqondweni. Okwesithathu, qaphela izindawo lapho imbongi igxilisa khona amagama athile (stress) — igama eligxilisiwe lithwala isisindo esengeziwe, okwenza umuzwa othile endlebeni yomfundi.
Uma ucwaninga inkondlo ethile, bhala phansi: ingabe isigqi siyashintsha phakathi kwevesi noma sihlala sifana? Ukushintsha kwesigqi kuvamise ukukhombisa ukushintsha komuzwa wembongi — lapho izwa ubuhlungu noma injabulo, isigqi siyaguquguquka.
Amacebo okugcina lezi zimpendulo ekhanda
Hlukanisa “sangaphandle” ne-“sangaphakathi” ngombuzo olula: uma ungakwazi ukukubona ngamehlo ngaphandle kokufunda (imigqa, amavesi, isihloko), kusangaphandle. Uma kudinga ukuthi ucabange, uzwe noma uhlaziye umqondo — kusangaphakathi. Leli cebo lisebenza kuyo yonke inkondlo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyinkondlo yothando noma izibongo.
Uma ubuzwa ukuthi iyini inkondlo, qala ngamagama amathathu: imizwa, isigqi, ulimi olukhethekile. Lawo mathathu akuhlukanisa enkondlweni nakuyo yonke eminye imibhalo. Uma ubuzwa ngembongi, khumbula ukuthi ayibhali nje kuphela — iyasho, iyahaya futhi iyathinta inhliziyo.
